海拔对高山栎光合气体交换和叶性状的影响

理解影响植物分布的式样及过程是生态学研究的中心内容之一,但对许多物种而言,限制其分布的原因还不清楚。为了认识高山栎分布与生理生态特性的关系,我们在不同海拔的4个观测点研究了帽斗栎的光合气体交换、叶氮含量、叶绿素含量和比叶重。由于高的水气压亏缺和气温,帽斗栎的光合作用和蒸腾作用在午间表现出明显的降低现象。帽斗栎的饱和光合速率、水分利用效率、最大羧化速率、最大电子传递速率和氮利用效率在海拔中部比低海拔或高海拔处的为高。不同海拔的叶氮含量在5月份有差异,8月份则没有明显不同。叶片厚度随海拔增加,但叶绿素含量及光合最适温度随海拔升高而降低。帽斗栎光合作用的海拔变化与叶片的生化效率和氮含量有关,而与比叶重无关。研究结果说明,温度的海拔变化对高山栎的光合作用和叶性状有明显影响,最适宜帽斗栎光合碳获取及生长的海拔范围是3180～3610m。     

Differential field response of two Mediterranean tree species to inputs of sewage sludge at the seedling stage

Land degradation and desertification is a common feature in Mediterranean landscapes due to extensive and intensive land use and natural or man induced disturbances. The ecosystem may need external inputs to recover its composition and function as soils are often impoverished and vegetal key stone species lost. We evaluated the effects of the application of fresh and air-dried biosolids in the establishment and morphological and physiological performance of seedlings of Pinus halepensis and Quercus ilex under dry Mediterranean field conditions. Seedling survival was not affected by biosolid treatments in any of the studied species both two and ten years after planting. During the first two years, growth was enhanced by the two biosolid treatments in relation to control, although the change in the biomass allocation pattern differed between species. Rooting depth was significantly enhanced by liquid biosolid in Q. ilex and marginally reduced in P. halepensis as well as the exploration of soil. As a consequence, root-to-shoot ratio reduced significantly with dry and liquid sludge due to promoted aboveground growth while maintaining and even reducing belowground fractions. An improvement of the nutritional status, of fertilized seedlings especially of phosphorus, is the explanation for the better field performance. Vector analysis revealed an important phosphorus limitation for both species that was overcome with the application of liquid (both species) and air-dried biosolid (pine). The higher growth of pine seedlings attained in the liquid biosolid treatment was coupled with a significant decrease in foliar δ¹³C, suggesting lower water use efficiency. The significant increase in foliar δ¹⁵N in the biosolid treatments in both species suggested that a large proportion of the total nitrogen uptake came from the applied biosolids. Instead, with regard to the low biosolid application rate used in the study, treatments had an overall positive effect as a restoration tool by improving nutritional status and promoting growth of planted seedlings.     

晋西黄土区辽东栎、山杨树干液流比较研究

于2009年生长季(4—10月),应用TDP (Thermal Dissipation Probe) 热扩散探针技术,并结合同步测定的太阳辐射、大气温度、空气饱和水汽压差及大气相对湿度等气象因子,分析了晋西黄土区15年生辽东栎、山杨树干液流的昼夜变化及季节变化规律,建立了液流速率与气象因子的关系模型。结果表明：辽东栎和山杨树干液流速率昼夜变化显著,4月份和7月份峰值出现的时间不一致。4月份两个树种的峰值出现在清晨或夜间,而7月份树种树干液流速率于中午前后达到高峰。4月份两个树种夜间的树干液流速率明显大于白天,山杨的树干液流于中午前后接近于零。4月份,辽东栎和山杨树干液流速率的峰值分别为2.808 cm/h和1.188 cm/h,最小值为0.218 cm/h和0 cm/h,日平均液流速率为1.440 cm/h 和0.516 cm/h; 7月份,辽东栎和山杨树干液流速率的峰值分别为12.276 cm/h和 20.448 cm/h,最小值为0.144 cm/h和0.288 cm/h,日平均液流速率为3.656 cm/h 和6.328 cm/h。7月份阴雨天时,辽东栎的液流速率峰值较晴天小,日平均液流速率是晴天的0.95倍,对山杨是0.75倍。4月份两树种树干液流速率的月平均值最低,只有1.106 cm/h和0.626 cm/h;6月份达最高值5.112 cm/h和8.214 cm/h,分别是4月份的4.62倍和13.12倍。生长季(4—10月)的林分林木总蒸腾耗水量对于辽东栎林为201.14 mm,山杨林为56.43 mm,辽东栎林为山杨林的3.56倍。统计分析表明,影响树干液流速率的主要因子对辽东栎是大气温度和太阳辐射,对山杨是太阳辐射和空气饱和水汽压差。     

麻栎壳斗染料在羊毛染色中的应用

本文研究了提取自麻栎壳斗的植物染料(麻栎染料)的耐酸、碱稳定性,染浴pH值及铝、铁离子等环保型媒染剂对其染毛织物效果的影响,并且探究了其染色动力学.研究表明,麻栎染料在强酸性染浴(pH=3)中对羊毛织物直接性好,染色后毛织物得棕色,也可采用铝离子、铁离子对直接染色后的毛织物进行后媒染,以得到不同色相的毛织物,尤其是铁后...     

Chlorophyll fluorescence responses to temperature and water availability in two co-dominant Mediterranean shrub and tree species in a long-term field experiment simulating climate change

A rain exclusion experiment simulating drought conditions expected in Mediterranean areas for the following decades (15% decrease in soil moisture) is being conducted since 1999 in a Mediterranean holm oak forest to study its response to the forecasted climatic changes for the coming decades. The maximum PSII quantum yield of primary photochemistry (Fv/Fm) was measured in Quercus ilex, and Phillyrea latifolia, the co-dominant species of the studied forest, from 1999 to 2009 in four plots: two of them were control plots and the other two plots received the rain exclusion treatment. In both species, the Fv/Fm values were highly dependent on air temperatures, and in a second term, in water availability. P. latifolia was the species with the larger decrease in Fv/Fm values induced by low air temperatures, while in hot seasons, the Fv/Fm values in P. latifolia were even higher than in Q. ilex. Rainfall exclusion decrease Fv/Fm values significantly only in few monitoring dates. The most drought resistant species P. latifolia was more affected by the experimental rainfall exclusion than Q. ilex that instead lost number of leaves per tree. There was a synergic effect of drought stress and winter cold in P. latifolia not observed in Q. ilex, but a more conservative strategy in P. latifolia maintaining leaves with a down-regulation of the linear photosynthetic electron transport. These results indicate that, although other physiological and reproductive strategies at whole plant level must be also taken into account, the warmer and drier environment expected for the following decades could favour the species more sensitive to cold and more resistant to drought, the shrub P. latifolia, in detriment of the tree Q. ilex as already observed in the field after severe heat-drought episodes.     

不同经营措施对黄龙山辽东栎林的影响

以黄龙山林区蔡家川林场的辽东栎群落为研究对象,以未采伐为对照,采取皆伐、间伐30%、间伐15%三种经营措施,在进行自然恢复6年后,对辽东栎林建群种径级结构、群落物种多样性、土壤养分水分状况进行了对比分析,以探讨不同经营措施对黄土高原南部辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)林群落多样性的影响.结果表明:不同经营措施实施后建群种径级结构、群落物种多样性、土壤养分水分等指标均与未采伐林地有差异;经过间伐30%的林地,建群种径级结构、群落物种多样性、土壤养分水分等指标均有显著增加;间伐15%林地上述指标均有增加,但不显著;皆伐后的林地相对未采伐林地,建群种径级结构、群落物种多样性、土壤养分水分等指标降低.间伐与皆伐措施后比较,间伐措施的林地建群种个体生长发育良好,林下有大量幼苗,林地物种多样性丰富,土壤养分水分相对优越;皆伐措施的辽东栎建群种个体发育不良,缺乏足够数量的幼苗,林分物种多样性、土壤水分养分相对较差.未来该地区辽东栎林经营管理中,应以近自然经营措施为主,尽量减少对灌草层破坏,完善群落复层结构;间伐强度拟定为30%,尽量间伐劣质木、病虫木,促进群落向异龄方向发展.     

Oak trees and soil interactions in Mediterranean forests: a positive feedback model

Questions: What is the spectrum of variability of chemical elements in a Mediterranean forest ecosystem across the different compartments? Do co‐existing tree species with different leaf chemical composition and nutrient cycling distinctly modify soil conditions? Could these species‐specific, tree‐generated soil changes create a potential positive feedback by affecting long‐term species distribution? Location: Mixed oak forests of southern Spain, Los Alcornocales Natural Park. Methods: We sampled and chemically analysed five different ecosystem components: leaves, leaf fall, litter and superficial (0–25 cm) and sub‐superficial (25–50 cm) soil beneath the canopies of evergreen Quercus suber and deciduous Q. canariensis trees. We used multiple co‐inertia analysis (MCoA) to conjointly analyse the patterns of variability and covariation of eight macro‐ and micronutrients determined in each of the sampled ecological materials. We implemented a path analysis to investigate alternative causal models of relationships among the chemical properties of the different ecosystem components. Results: Variability in the concentration of chemical elements was related to the nature of their biogeochemical cycles. However, the rank of element concentration was consistent across ecosystem components. Analysis of co‐inertia (MCoA) revealed that there was a common underlying multivariate pattern of nutrient enrichment in the ecosystem, which supported the hypothesis of a separation in biogeochemical niches between the two co‐existing oak species, with Q. canariensis having richer plant tissues and more fertile soil directly under each tree than Q. suber. The feasibility of a potential tree–soil positive feedback model was the only statistically validated among several alternative (non‐feedback) models tested. Conclusions: In the studied Mediterranean forests, oak species distinctly modify soil fertility conditions through different nutrient return pathways. Further investigation is needed to address whether these tree‐generated soil changes could affect seedling establishment and ultimately influence species distribution.     

太白山锐齿栎树干基部两种蚂蚁的筑巢生态学及其蚁巢、体表真菌组成研究

本文研究了太白山锐齿栎景观林带树干基部筑巢的两种蚂蚁的筑巢生态学及其巢内真菌的组成.研究结果表明:亮腹黑褐蚁Formica gagatoides Ruzsky是锐齿栎林中的优势蚁种,可在地表及树干上活动,主要取食栎树枝条上蚜虫所分泌的蜜露及其他昆虫和植物材料;盘腹蚁Aphaenogaster sp.仅在蚁巢周围活动,捕...     

Influence of canopy openness,ungulate exclosure,and low‐intensity fire for improved oak regeneration in temperate Europe

Failed oak regeneration is widely reported in temperate forests and has been linked in part to changed disturbance regimes and land‐use. We investigated if the North American fire–oak hypothesis could be applicable to temperate European oaks (Quercus robur, Quercus petraea) using a replicated field experiment with contrasting canopy openness, protection against ungulate browsing (fencing/no fencing), and low‐intensity surface fire (burn/no burn). Survival, relative height growth (RGR_H), browsing damage on naturally regenerated oaks (≤300 cm tall), and changes in competing woody vegetation were monitored over three years. Greater light availability in canopy gaps increased oak RGR_H (p = .034) and tended to increase survival (p = .092). There was also a trend that protection from browsing positively affected RGR_H (p = .058) and survival (p = .059). Burning reduced survival (p < .001), nonetheless, survival rates were relatively high across treatment combinations at the end of the experiment (54%–92%). Most oaks receiving fire were top‐killed and survived by producing new sprouts; therefore, RGR_H in burned plots became strongly negative the first year. Thereafter, RGR_H was greater in burned plots (p = .002). Burning altered the patterns of ungulate browsing frequency on oaks. Overall, browsing frequency was greater during winter; however, in recently burned plots summer browsing was prominent. Burning did not change relative density of oaks, but it had a clear effect on competing woody vegetation as it reduced the number of individuals (p < .001) and their heights (p < .001). Our results suggest that young, temperate European oaks may respond similarly to fire as their North American congeners. However, disturbance from a single low‐intensity fire may not be sufficient to ensure a persistent competitive advantage—multiple fires and canopy thinning to increase light availability may be needed. Further research investigating long‐term fire effects on oaks of various ages, species‐specific response of competitors and implications for biodiversity conservation is needed.     

Provenance selection and site conditions determine growth performance of pedunculate oak

Forests of the future need to cope with adverse climatic conditions, in particular drought, to ensure forest stability and productivity. Given the usually long rotation period of forests, forest managers need to select appropriate, i.e. productive and climate-change resilient tree species and/or provenances, to lower tree-mortality risks and sustain current wood production rates at the end of the 21^st century. A frequent means of assessing which provenances of a given species are adapted to anticipated climate conditions is common garden experiments, where trees from different provenances are planted under similar climate conditions. However, in this context soil conditions also play an important role, since they govern how climate translates into plant-available water and hence plant’s ability to cope with extreme drought events. Here, we examine the effects of soil conditions on pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.), by studying 10 different Dutch oak provenances that were planted in three provenance trials on different soil types in 1988 in the Netherlands. Using dendroecological methods, we quantified provenance-specific productivity and assessed provenance- and site-specific growth patterns. Our results indicated clear differences in productivity among provenances as well as soil-type specific growth patterns. Consequently, our study highlights the importance of incorporating soil characteristics when evaluating the growth performance of provenances within common garden experiments.